Intramedullary nails are routinely used in the treatment of fracture for femur and tibia. With rapidly expanding

implant industry especially in India, it has become pertinent to have simple experimental performance evaluation

procedures. In this context a unique and a simple experimental design for performance analysis of intramedullary

interlocking nails has been carried out on cadaver dry bones. Inspite of in vivo studies done for finding out the

forces acting during the healing period and for evaluation of implants, the major limitation of these studies

being, the usage of implants customized to accommodate all the data procuring devices within it. Moreover an

orthopaedician will not risk his patient by more weight bearing during the early postoperative phase for any

experimental work .In this study cracks of various sizes are induced in a femur and tibia bone in the midshaft

section. Strain gages are fixed above and below the crack and loads are applied in increments upto 2000N on

all the sizes of the crack. The strain readings were found in good agreement with comparative work, which

validated the experimental setup. The study concludes that as the crack size decreases, under various loads

the strain value increases. When the strain results for the smallest crack size and the highest one are

compared and if found to have a larger band, the implant can be termed as more effective. This work can also

give an insight into optimizing the implant design and shall be a forerunner for further in vivo studies on early

The present work aims at evaluating material properties of femur bone in Indian subjects, so as to facilitate

further study of total hip joint and replacement of joint in Indian subjects. These properties are required to be

determined before F.E.M. analysis of indegenised hip joint to study its stability in the bone. The shaft of the

artificial hip joint is fixed in femur bone in its proximal and medial cancellous portion. Study of The interaction

of metallic joint with bone material necessitates the mechanical properties of bone to be evaluated. These

properties were derived from femur bones of Indian donors. This experimental study aims at determining

orthotropic behavior of cancelleous portion of cadeveric femur bone. This property may prove useful in

studies related to total hip joint replacements. This study attempts at providing comprehensive items of mechanical

properties of cadeveric cancellous distal femur, through series of mechanical tests, which comprised of

tensile testing, compression testing, shear testing. The specimens were extracted from normal Indian donors.

Series of experimental data stated here include tensile strength, compressive strength, and yield strength,

modulus of elasticity, torsional strength and shear modulus, which can reflect the complex material behavior

This work reports the properties of highly porous (>80%) membrane Chitosan/Hydroxyapatite (Cs/HA)

composites obtained by the freeze-gelation processing route. These materials are of great interest for bone

regeneration applications due to their ability to nucleate calcium phosphates in presence of simulated body

fluid (SBF). The membranes porosity and bioactivity can be easily controlled by adding various amounts of

hydroxyapatite to chitosan solution. The structural properties of the composite membrane of Cs/HA at various

weight ratio (Cs/HA=70/30, 50/50 and 30/70) have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),

porosity measurements and FTIR spectroscopy. The surface of the composite membranes after immersion in

SBF during more than 14 days shows a regular Ca-P layer as evidenced by FTIR spectroscopy and ICP

analysis. These results suggest the potential interest of the Chitosan/hydroxyapatite composite membranes

prepared by freeze-gelation process in bone regeneration and especially of the Cs/HA membrane with a ratio

This research was intended to produce functionally graded material (FGM) of Hydroxyapatite (HA)-silk fibroin

by pulse electric current sintering in facing the need in biomaterial application. Silk film was utilized as a bound

between each layer. The target sample thickness was 1.6 mm with diameter 15 mm. Sample that was created

by using cylindrical type of carbon die was consist of 4 layers with the same thickness for each layer and

between the layer was inserted a silk film (thickness was 100 m). The composition of lower layer was 100%

silk fibroin, after that 90% silk fibroin +10% HA for second layer, third layer was 80% silk fibroin+20% HA, and

70% silk fibroin+30% HA for the upper layer. The properties of all FGM product were characterized by optical

microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and three point bend with single-edge beam for fracture

toughness test (KIC). The grade of the FGM material was proven by using electron probe micro analyzer

(EPMA). The value of fracture toughness was found at 0.651 MPa.m1/2. The silk film in the borders of the

sample could arrest the crack perfectly, so that sudden fracture can be avoided. The sample still capable to

support the load after maximum load was reached. Result from optical micrograph and SEM indicated that the

Hap-silk fibroin FGM could be produced successfully by using the method that was introduced in this research.

In the present study, diaphragm, dermis and urinary bladder were made acellular and the extracellular matrix

was used as scaffold for tissue replacement. In-vitro cell cytotoxicty examination in peripheral blood leucocytes

of rabbits and chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) did not show appreciable change in cell morphology at 24 h

post incubation in rabbit leucocytes, whereas, the CEF cell culture studies revealed roundening of cells

(cytopathic effects) with acellular diaphragm, dermis and bladder at 1:10 dilution at 24 h post incubation.

Clinically healthy adult rabbits (28) of either sex were randomly into three equal groups of eight animals each

and remaining four animals were used as control (group IV). Under xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia a full

thickness abdominal wall defect (2x3 cm) was created and immediately repaired with acellular diaphragm,

acellular dermis and acellular bladder, in groups I, II and III, respectively. In group IV (control) the defect was

repaired with autograft. Clinically, the wounds healed without any complication. Macroscopically, at 90 days

the healing was complete in groups I and II, but in group III the newly formed fibrous tissue was not strong

enough at the site and therefore, resulted in herniation. Differential leukocyte count, serum glucose and

alkaline phosphatase were transiently affected in immediate post operative period. At 21 days significant

(P<0.05) increase in collagen and hydroxyproline and decrease in hexosamines in tissue biopsies was seen.

ELISA revealed significant elevation in the absorbance in all the test groups upto day 90. Histopathologially,

intense fibrocellular reaction and infiltration of neutrophils was seen at host graft interface at day 7. The

cellular reaction was almost similar in each group upto 21 days. However, at day 90, the connective tissue

matured and healing was complete in groups I and II but in group III connective tissue was very thin and weak.

Biphasic poroelastic finite element (FE) study was performed to investigate the contact mechanics of hemiarthroplasty

hip resurfacing using a metallic component, in particular to focus on a parametric study to examine

the effects of loading, radial clearance, cartilage thickness and bone quality. Simple axisymmetric FE models of

hemi-arthroplasty hip joint were created to simulate the contact between the femoral component (Ti6Al4V alloy)

and the acetabular cartilage. Articular cartilage was modelled as biphasic poroelastic material. It was found that

the applied load had the greatest effect on the predicted contact pressure and pore pressure distributions among

all factors considered in this study. Also it was shown that a reduction in the radial clearance between the

articular cartilage of acetabulum and the femoral component had significant effect on the predicted contact

pressure and pore pressure distributions along the articulating bearing surface. A decrease in thickness of

articular cartilage of acetabulum from its nominal value of 2 mm to 1 mm resulted in 60% increase in the predicted

maximum contact pressure and 65% increase in the predicted maximum pore pressure. Stress shielding in the

bone tissue was found to occur with the hip resurfacing femoral prosthesis considered in this study. However,

the stress shielding was determined to be less than those reported in the literature for metal on metal (MOM)

resurfacing and conventional THRs. Bone quality was found to have relatively small effect on the predicted

The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the corrosion behaviour of ultra fine grained titanium (UFGTi)

produced by equal channel angular process (ECAP) in simulated body fluid (SBF). Tafel extrapolation studies

showed the corrosion resistance of the UFG-Ti to be 10 times higher compared to CP-Ti. Higher corrosion